Are periods of economic crises conducive to particular forms of political violence. Political violence, collective functioning and health. Violence has probably always been part of the human experience. Causes of political violence, 2014 h avard strand and tore wig syllabus april 7, 2014 the objective of this course is to make the student familiar with theoretical as well as empirical research on causes of internal political violence. Causes of electoral violence the causes of electoral violence are multifaceted, and can be divided into two broad categories. Chapter 3 sets out with a brief outline of the historical foundations of peace. We will examine the strategic use of violence, the logics of the organization of violence and participation in violence, and explanations for the causes of war onset and termination. Are institutions relevant for understanding political violence.
When it comes to why people or groups what to participate in political violence the common goal of each is quite simple. The causes of violence and the effects of violence on community and individual health stephen c. Corruption, ethnicity and violence as a triple political. Many countries give aid and dangerous weapons to the terrorist. A secondary objective is to provide practical training in systematic search for literature and. Timothy besley and torsten persson october 2010 abstract this paper o. This continues to be the major preoccupation of the majority of researchers although the field has become more complex, with the realization that it is likely that there is a cumulative effect, with the direct negative consequences of political violence added to the effects of economic and social disadvantage plus the fact that support. Political violence an overview sciencedirect topics. Political violence in kenya a study of causes, responses, and. Modern war is not an expression of innate aggression but an economic and social construction.
Of course, the plague of reductionism has existed since political debate first began, but its far easier now than it ever has been. Through this paper i will try to address some of the main causes for political violence though the explanation of why people or groups participate in political violence, and act they ways they do. Most systematic research into these forms of human rights. Pdf the post cold war period witnessed the emergence of a trend of explaining political violence and conflict by mainly ethnic factors.
Violence denotes the use of physical force to inflict injury or cause damage to persons or property. Political violence is the leading cause of wars today. Its impact can be seen, in various forms, in all parts of the world. Human behavior is complicated and many sided but by. How political violence shapes trust in the state center for. Electoral violence is a subtype of political violence, but distinguished by its timing close to elections and its goals to impact elections, either by changing outcomes or to disrupt the elections themselves. Election violence is regarded as a subcategory of political violence that is primarily distinguished by its timing and. The theme to be pursued further here concerns the nature and causes of political violence, and the ways in which political violence in contemporary politics differs, if it differs at all, from earlier times. A decade of electoral violence in africa, 2004 to 20 electoral violence has, in certain instances, catalyzed prolonged political conflict. Political violence and war 21 state of the art quantification in studies of war and security is a relatively recent addition to the social sciences. When it comes to why people or groups what to participate in political violence. Key takeaways there are many more cooperative events reported, compared to conflictual ones, yet there has been a downward trend in cooperation and an upward trend in conflict since the early 2000s. Such protest can easily descend into chaos and violence, as perpetrators are determined to force the authorities to listen.
As war between states has almost ceased to exist, other forms of political violence has gained more attention. Examples are the mode of campaigning in an election, the use of state resources abuse of incumbency especially by the party in power as against the electoral laws. The post cold war period witnessed the emergence of a trend of explaining political violence and conflict by mainly ethnic factors, religious motivations and nationalistic reasons. Do forms of political violence change across geographical areas, type of conflicts or historical periods. Political violence in kenya a study of causes, responses, and a framework for discussing preventive action introduction th is paper focuses on political violence in kenya.
More so, during political violence a lot of people abandon their ethnic, cultural values, religion or traditions to pledge allegiance to new, artificial and unproven states. The social and political contexts of peoples lives, however, offer considerable protection from the mental health effects of political violence. An overview of various theories that have been put forwarded is as follows. Fourthly, the paper turns to an appraisal of which responses can be deployed to prevent the recurrence or persistence of political violence. Study causes and consequences of conflict as genuinely. Terrorist acts are organized so as to attract large attention. Political violence may of course also have a secular cause. Theories of political violence wiley online library. Vawp is a deterrent to womens political participation and political rights and processes, and policy outcomes suffer from the underrepresentation of women decisionmakers.
Violence is not simply the exercise of physical force to get something done. Thirdly, the paper identifies a variety of causes of political violence in kenya. Also honorary professor of law, faculty of law university of cape town and extra ordinary professor of law faculty of law free state university. This research seeks to examine the causes and effects of post election violence on agricultural production in kesses division, uasin gishu county. Terrorism involves violence against public, with a political or religious desire. The many faces of political violence the modern eras great power peace has come under severe strain in recent years. The purpose of this class is to generate some new knowledge about this topic. History of electoral violence in nigeria notable cases 1. Media, elections and political violence in eastern africa.
Political violence and its effects on social development in nigeria aver, tyavwase theophilus. Each year, more than a million people lose their lives, and many more suffer nonfatal injuries, as a result of selfinflicted, interpersonal or collective violence. Stv4325b the causes of political violence university. Th e rationale of the paper is to understand how such violence can best be prevented. Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere 16. The world report on violence and healthis intended to raise awareness of this potential and to call for a much wider and more comprehensive role for public health in the response to violence. The damage inflicted by violence may be physical, psychological, or both. Political violence the use of political violence as a form of mobilization is certainly not unique, but in zambia, the phenomenon has become particularly acute since the pf has been in power.
In political science, a common organizing framework is to consider types of violence by the relevant actors. Such a response involves the four classic steps of public health, namely. By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of. Political violence in kenya a study of causes, responses. Political factors as in the research question and objective refer to any activity undertake by any political party in an election which lead to violence. The model has four levels individual, relationship, community and societal. Political violence in zambia and state responsibility muna ndulo professor of law, cornell university law school, and director cornell institute for african development. Group inequalities in political access are invariably observedhence the resort to violence rather than. In everyday life, there appear to be a rise in poverty, crimes, war. Terrorists use acts of violence for frightening the group of peoples or pressuring the government to do or not do something.
The nature of political violence 225 the view that political violence is oriented more in terms of a collective rather than an individualistic phenomenon has been stressed mainly by charles tilly and neil smelser among others. Political violence is ubiquitous and embedded in many forms of conflict that are often intri cately linked. In asia, china is increasingly flexing its military muscle in the pacific region much to. While the focus of this analysis is on the pf rule, it is important to acknowledge that the problem of political violence in zambian politics is not new. Since then, the trend line seems to be decreasing but still remains close to 50 percent. Boko haram, ummah, political violence, inequality and injustice. Political violence is a particular form of repression involving the use of physical force to achieve political goals.
Acts of repression andor political violence often violate fundamental human rights, and are sometimes referred to as human rights abuse. Pdf poverty as a root cause for political violence. The observed number of conflict events in the world increased from 15% in 2000 to 20% on in 2016. The hypothesis that political violence deters tourism is mainly based on case study evidence and a few quantitative studies confined to a small sample of countries. Do forms of political violence change andor coexist during the same episode. If we assume that political violence and order are two sides of the same coin, we can argue that the fundamental questions that have.
Violence against women in politics is gbv and a human rights violation that impacts on the whole society. Zambia political violence and the hell of political. Thoughts on its causes and mitigators the following is an additional essay written for my african politics course. In essence, the greatest issue with this surge in political violence is that people halt their analysis after they identify the root causes of each individual trend in such acts. Root causes of violent conflict in developing countries ncbi. An election that is not free and fair is one of the major causes of political instability in many countries across the globe.
Causes, consequences, and addressing the challenges. To do this, we must fi rst understand the history of political violence in kenya and what. The recent 2016 post election crisis in gabon12 that left scores dead seems to shows that electoral violence is an intractable phenomenon on the continent. Do we need different analytical approaches to study different forms of political violence. Europe began to experience more political violence due to continuing conflict. Apr 02, 2016 of course, the plague of reductionism has existed since political debate first began, but its far easier now than it ever has been. Repression is the act of subduing someone by institutional or physical force. Political violence and its effects on social development in. Causes of political violence 4 to determine which theory best explains the war through comparison to find out what they got right and got wrong concerning the conflict once these objectives have been achieved, a conclusion of the theory that best explains the cause of the political violence in the country shall be discussed.
Secondly, the paper analyses how political violence has historically played out in kenya. First, we address the concept of vigilantism in order to employ it as a theoretical framework. Other incidents of political violence noted in nairobi were demolition of party offices and burning of. Macro theories explain how political, economic, and social processes cause political violence. The first chapter presented an overview of the issues to be debated in this book. Violence may be distinguished from aggression, a more general type of hostile behaviour that may be physical, verbal, or passive in nature. In the annals of jurisprudence, there has been a wide range of applications, including the following. Are some forms of political violence more effective than others. Political violence impact negatively in many forms of development such as the inability for people to interact with one another creates unhealthy child growth. Shifting the focus from causes of conflict to the pillars of peace highlights that the presence of. Each theory provides a different lens through which we can examine aspect of violent behavior. An analysis of political violence in anita rau badamis can you hear the nightbird call.
Political instability occurs when elections are not free and fair. The causes of political violence in nigeria in the north and south of the country there are potential combustible human materials to destabilize the. Thus, electoral violence is any act of violence carried out in the course of political activities before, during or after election. It causes injury or death, including potentially to the performer of the violence himself or herself. Zambia political violence has become a central part of political competition across the nation, and it takes many formsfrom assaults to armed.
Strategic use of state repression and political violence. Violent conflict events cause high civilian fear of government. Personal agendas have led to many of the political objectives that cause violence today this has caused many problems throughout the world and will continue to do so until a solution to this issue is found. Political violence impact negatively in many forms of development such as the inability for people to interact with. Political violence is violence perpetrated by people or governments to achieve political goals. Chapter 3 theories and causes of domestic violence life in society and family requires a sufficient degree of behavioural order for peaceful coexistence.
The recent 2016 post election crisis in gabon12 that left scores dead seems to shows that electoral violence is an intractable phenomenon on the. In asia, china is increasingly flexing its military muscle in the pacific region much to the dismay of many of its. Th is is followed by a short overview of the theories on the causes of confl ict. Violence is among the leading causes of death for people aged 1544 years worldwide, accounting for 14% of deaths among males and 7% of deaths. It may stem from a sector of society feeling that they have been denied their rights, and that protest is the only way to have their voice heard. These questions, which form the core puzzle of this section, are in our view fundamental for furthering the debate on political violence, which so far has largely been segmented into specific fields which focus on particular forms of. This time, i offer my thoughts on political violence in africa both its causes, and its mitigators. Chapter three an analysis of political violence in anita.
Causes and dynamic of political violence in nigeria. The study of political violence, defined as organized violence utilized for a political rather than personal economic goal, has changed substantially over the last decade. Violence, an act of physical force that causes or is intended to cause harm. Causes of electoral violence in africa written by ngah. Political violence varies widely in form, severity, and practice. In this paper we measure the shortterm effects of state political violence.
Permit me to cite these cases in an unchronological order. Statement of the problem what seems to be the problem in the problem of domestic violence is the fact that, given the number of theories developed to explain the possible causes of domestic violence, the trend has been moving. The pioneering works in this genre are quincy wrights a study of w ar 19 42 19 65 and le wis r ichardso ns sta tis tics of dead ly q ua rrels 1960. Electoral violence can be physical violence, but can also include threats and intimidation. Political violence is implicated in a range of mental health outcomes, including ptsd, depression, and anxiety.
Yale section of emergency medicine, department of surgery, yale school of medicine september, 2007 prepared as part of an education project of the global health education consortium and collaborating partners. In this paper we will analyse one particular economic cause of. Causes and effects of political violence in the world. We formulate a model where an incumbent or opposition can use violence to maintain or. Political violence and its effects on social development. Causes of electoral violence in africa written by ngah gabriel sous dir.
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